Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the breast. It can occur in both men and women, though it is far more common in women.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of breast cancer may include:
- A lump or mass in the breast that feels different from the surrounding tissue
- Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast
- Nipple discharge, other than breast milk
- Changes to the skin over the breast, such as dimpling
- Redness or pitting of the skin over the breast, resembling the skin of an orange
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of breast cancer is not fully understood, but several factors can increase the risk:
- Genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2)
- Family history of breast cancer
- Hormonal changes and hormone replacement therapy
- Age (risk increases with age)
- Lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption and obesity
Prevention
Preventive measures include:
- Regular screening and mammograms
- Maintaining a healthy diet and weight
- Limiting alcohol consumption
- Regular exercise
- Avoiding smoking
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the cancer and may include:
- Surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy)
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone therapy
- Targeted therapy and immunotherapy
Types of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer can be classified into several types based on where it starts and how it behaves. Here are some of the main types:
Common Types
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): A non-invasive cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct but haven’t spread outside the duct.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most common type, starting in the milk ducts and then invading nearby tissue.
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): Begins in the milk-producing lobules and can spread to other parts of the body.
Special Types of Invasive Breast Cancer
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Lacks estrogen, progesterone receptors, and excess HER2 protein, making it more challenging to treat.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer: A rare and aggressive form where cancer cells block lymph vessels in the skin, causing the breast to appear red and swollen.
Less Common Types
Paget Disease of the Breast: Starts in the ducts and spreads to the nipple and areola.
Angiosarcoma: A rare cancer that starts in the blood vessels or lymph vessels of the breast.
Hormone Receptor Status
Breast cancers are also classified based on hormone receptor status:
Hormone Receptor-Positive: Cancers that have receptors for estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PR), which can influence treatment options2.
HER2-Positive: Cancers that produce excess HER2 protein, which can be targeted with specific therapies2.